Bittern,
American
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Food;
Incubation; Nesting;
Plumages; Voice;
Winter; Young
Blackbird,
Red-winged
Behavior; Courtship;
Economic status; Eggs;
Enemies; Fall;
Field marks; Food;
Nesting; Plumages;
Spring; Territory;
Voice; Winter;
Young
Bluebird,
Eastern
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Fall; Field
marks; Food; Incubation;
Nesting; Plumages;
Spring; Voice;
Winter; Young
Bobwhite, Eastern (see Bobwhite, Northern)
Bobwhite,
Northern
Behavior; Courtship;
Diseases; Eggs;
Enemies; Fall;
Food; Game;
Nesting; Plumages;
Voice; Winter;
Young
Bombycilla
cedrorum (see Waxwing, Cedar)
Botaurus lentiginosus (see
Bittern, American)
Branta canadensis (see Goose,
Canada)
Bubo virginianus (see Owl,
Great Horned)
Bunting,
Indigo
Behavior; Eggs;
Enemies; Field
marks; Food; Hybrids;
Incubation; Migration;
Nesting; Plumages;
Voice; Winter;
Young
Bunting,
Snow
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Fall; Food;
Incubation; Nesting;
Plumages; Spring;
Voice; Winter;
Young
Buteo jamaicensis
(see Hawk, Red-tailed)
Butorides virescens (see Heron,
Green)
Campephilus principalis (see
Woodpecker, Ivory-billed)
Caprimulgus vociferus (see
Whip-poor-will)
Cardinal, Eastern (see
Cardinal, Northern)
Cardinal,
Northern
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Fall; Food;
Nesting; Plumages;
Voice; Winter;
Young
Cardinalis
cardinalis (see Cardinal, Northern)
Carduelis pinus (see Siskin,
Pine)
Carduelis tristis (see
Goldfinch, American)
Carpodacus mexicanus (see
Finch, House)
Carpodacus purpureus (see
Finch, Purple)
Catbird,
Gray
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Food; Incubation;
Nesting; Plumages;
Spring; Voice;
Winter; Young
Cathartes aura
(see Vulture, Turkey)
Catharus guttatus (see
Thrush, Hermit)
Certhia americana (see
Creeper, Brown)
Ceryle alcyon (see Kingfisher,
Belted)
Chaetura pelagica (see Swift,
Chimney)
Charadrius vociferus (see
Killdeer)
Chat, Eastern Yellow-breasted
(see Chat, Yellow-breasted)
Chat,
Yellow-breasted
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Field marks; Food;
Incubation; Nesting;
Plumages; Voice;
Winter; Young
Chickadee,
Black-capped
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Fall; Field
marks; Food; Nesting;
Plumages; Spring;
Voice; Winter;
Young
Chordeiles
minor (see Nighthawk, Common)
Circus cyaneus (see Harrier,
Northern)
Cistothorus palustris (see
Wren, Marsh)
Coccothraustes vespertinus
(see Grosbeak, Evening)
Coccyzus americanus (see
Cuckoo, Yellow-billed)
Colinus virginianus (see
Bobwhite, Northern)
Colaptes auratus (see Flicker,
Northern)
Contopus virens (see Pewee,
Eastern Wood)
Coot, American
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Fall; Food;
Nesting; Plumages;
Spring; Winter;
Young
Coragyps atratus (see Vulture, Black)
Corvus
brachyrhynchos (see Crow, American)
Cowbird,
Brown-headed
Behavior; Courtship;
Economic status; Eggs;
Enemies; Fall;
Field marks; Food;
Incubation; Nesting;
Plumages; Spring;
Territory; Voice;
Winter; Young
Cowbird, Eastern Brown-headed (see Cowbird, Brown-headed)
Crane,
Sandhill
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Fall;
Food; Game;
Nesting; Plumages;
Spring; Voice;
Young
Creeper,
Brown
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Fall; Field
marks; Food; Nesting;
Plumages; Spring;
Voice; Winter;
Young
Crow,
American
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Food; Incubation;
Nesting; Plumages;
Spring; Voice;
Winter; Young
Crow, Eastern (see Crow, American)
Cuckoo,
Yellow-billed
Behavior; Eggs;
Field marks; Food;
Incubation; Nesting;
Plumages; Voice;
Young
Cyanocitta
cristata (see Jay, Blue)
Dendroica coronata (see
Warbler, Yellow-rumped)
Dendroica petechia (see
Warbler, Yellow)
Dove, Eastern Mourning (see
Dove, Mourning)
Dove,
Mourning
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Fall; Field
marks; Food; Game;
Nesting; Plumages;
Spring; Voice;
Winter; Young
Dryocopus pileatus (see Woodpecker, Pileated)
Duck, Wood
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Fall; Field
marks; Food; Game;
Nesting; Plumages;
Spring; Voice;
Winter; Young
Dumetella carolinensis (see Catbird, Gray)
Eagle, Bald
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Field
marks; Food; Incubation;
Nesting; Plumages;
Voice; Young
Eagle, Southern Bald (See Eagle, Bald)
Eagle, Golden
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Field
marks; Food; Incubation;
Nesting; Plumages;
Voice; Winter;
Young
Eremophila
alpestris (see Lark, Horned)
Falco sparverius (see Kestrel,
American)
Finch, House
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Fall; Field
marks; Food; Nesting;
Plumages; Voice;
Weights; Winter;
Young
Finch, Eastern Purple (see Finch, Purple)
Finch, Purple
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Economic status; Fall;
Field marks; Food;
Nesting; Plumages;
Spring; Voice;
Winter; Young
Flicker,
Northern
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Fall; Field
marks; Food; Nesting;
Plumages; Spring;
Voice; Winter;
Young
Fulica americana
(see Coot, American)
Gallinago gallinago (see Snipe,
Common)
Gavia immer (see Loon, Common)
Geothlypis trichas (see
Yellowthroat, Common)
Gnatcatcher,
Blue-gray
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Fall; Field
marks; Food; Incubation;
Nesting; Plumages;
Spring; Voice;
Winter; Young
Goldfinch,
American
Behavior; Courtship;
Economic status; Eggs;
Enemies; Food;
Nesting; Plumages;
Spring; Voice;
Winter; Young
Goldfinch, Eastern American (see Goldfinch, American)
Goose, Canada
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Fall;
Food; Game;
Nesting; Plumages;
Spring; Winter;
Young
Grackle,
Common
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Economic
status; Fall; Field
marks; Food; Nesting;
Plumages; Spring;
Voice; Winter;
Young
Grackle, Purple (see Grackle, Common)
Grebe,
Pied-billed
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Fall;
Field marks; Food;
Nesting; Plumages;
Voice; Young
Grosbeak, Eastern Evening (see Grosbeak, Evening)
Grosbeak,
Evening
Age; Behavior;
Courtship; Eggs;
Fall; Field
marks; Food; Incubation;
Nesting; Plumages;
Spring; Voice;
Winter; Young
Grus canadensis
(see Crane, Sandhill)
Haliaeetus leucocephalus (see
Eagle, Bald)
Harrier,
Northern
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Fall;
Field marks; Food;
Incubation; Nesting;
Plumages; Spring;
Voice; Winter;
Young
Hawk, Cooper's
Behavior; Eggs;
Enemies; Fall;
Field marks; Food;
Nesting; Plumages;
Voice; Young
Hawk, Eastern
Red-tailed (see Hawk, Red-tailed)
Hawk, Eastern Sparrow (see
Kestrel, American)
Hawk, Marsh (see Harrier,
Northern)
Hawk, Red-tailed
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Fall;
Field marks; Food;
Nesting; Plumages;
Spring; Voice;
Young
Hawk,
Sharp-shinned
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Fall; Field
marks; Food;Incubation;
Nesting; Plumages;
Spring; Voice;
Young
Heron,
Black-crowned Night
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Fall; Food;
Incubation; Nesting;
Plumages; Voice;
Winter; Young
Heron, Great Blue
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Fall; Food;
Nesting; Plumages;
Winter; Young
Hirundo rustica (see Swallow, Barn)
Hummingbird,
Ruby-throated
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Fall; Field
marks; Food; Nesting;
Plumages; Spring;
Voice; Young
Hylocichla
mustelina (see Thrush, Wood)
Icteria virens (see Chat,
Yellow-breasted)
Icterus galbula (see Oriole,
Baltimore)
Jay, Blue
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Fall; Food;
Nesting; Plumages;
Spring; Voice;
Winter; Young
Jay, Northern Blue (see Jay, Blue)
Junco, Dark-eyed
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Fall; Field
marks; Food; Nesting;
Plumages; Spring;
Territory; Voice;
Winter; Young
Junco hyemalis
(see Junco, Dark-eyed)
Junco, Northern Slate-Colored
(see Junco, Dark-eyed)
Kestrel,
American
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Fall;
Field marks; Food;
Nesting; Plumages;
Spring; Voice;
Winter; Young
Killdeer
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Fall; Field
marks; Food; Game;
Nesting; Plumages;
Spring; Voice;
Winter; Young
Kingbird,
Eastern
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Fall; Field
marks; Food; Incubation;
Nesting; Plumages;
Spring; Voice;
Young
Kingfisher,
Belted
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Field marks; Food;
Nesting; Plumages;
Voice; Winter;
Young
Kingfisher,
Eastern Belted (see Kingfisher, Belted)
Kinglet, Eastern Golden-crowned
(see Kinglet, Golden-crowned)
Kinglet,
Golden-crowned
Behavior; Eggs;
Enemies; Field
marks; Food; Nesting;
Plumages; Spring;
Voice; Winter;
Young
Lanius ludovicianus (see Shrike, Loggerhead)
Lark, Horned
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Fall;
Food; Incubation;
Nesting; Plumages;
Voice; Young
Lark, Prairie Horned (see Lark, Horned)
Loon, Common
Behavior; Eggs;
Fall; Food;
Incubation; Nesting;
Plumages; Spring;
Voice; Winter;
Young
Mallard
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Food;
Game; Nesting;
Plumages; Spring;
Winter; Young
Martin, Purple
Behavior; Eggs;
Enemies; Fall;
Food; Nesting;
Plumages; Spring;
Voice; Young
Meadowlark,
Eastern
Courtship; Eggs;
Enemies; Fall;
Food; Incubation;
Nesting; Plumages;
Spring; Voice;
Winter; Young
Melanerpes
carolinus (see Woodpecker, Red-bellied)
Meleagris gallopavo (see
Turkey, Wild)
Melospiza melodia (see
Sparrow, Song)
Merganser, American (see
Merganser, Common)
Merganser,
Common
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Fall;
Field marks; Food;
Game; Nesting;
Plumages; Spring;
Voice; Winter;
Young
Mergus merganser
(see Merganser, Common)
Mimus polyglottos (see
Mockingbird, Northern)
Mockingbird, Eastern (see
Mockingbird, Northern)
Mockingbird,
Northern
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Field marks; Food;
Nesting; Plumages;
Spring; Voice;
Young
Molothrus ater (see Cowbird, Brown-headed)
Nighthawk,
Common
Courtship; Eggs;
Enemies; Food;
Game; Incubation;
Nesting; Plumages;
Spring; Voice;
Young
Nighthawk, Eastern (see Nighthawk, Common)
Nuthatch,
Red-breasted
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Fall; Field
marks; Food; Incubation;
Nesting; Plumages;
Spring; Voice;
Winter; Young
Nuthatch,
White-breasted
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Fall; Field
marks; Food; Nesting;
Plumages; Spring;
Voice; Winter;
Young
Nycticorax nycticorax (see Heron, Black-crowned Night)
Oriole,
Baltimore
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Fall; Food;
Nesting; Plumages;Spring;
Voice; Winter;
Young
Otus asio
(see Owl, Eastern Screech)
Owl, American Barn (see Owl,
Barn)
Owl, Barn
Behavior; Eggs;
Enemies; Fall;
Field marks; Food;
Incubation; Nesting;
Plumages; Voice;
Winter; Young
Owl, Eastern
Screech
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Field marks; Food;
Incubation; Nesting;
Plumages; Voice;
Winter; Young
Owl, Great
Horned
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Field marks; Food;
Nesting; Plumages;
Voice; Winter;
Young
Owl,
Long-eared
Behavior;Eggs;
Enemies; Field
marks; Food; Incubation;
Nesting; Plumages;
Voice; Winter;
Young
Owl,
Short-eared
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Field
marks; Food; Incubation;
Nesting; Plumages;
Voice; Winter;
Young
Partridge, European (see Partridge, Gray)
Patridge,
Gray
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Field
marks; Food; Incubation;
Nesting; Plumages;
Voice; Winter;Young
Parus
atricapillus (see Chickadee, Black-capped)
Parus bicolor (see Titmouse,
Tufted)
Passerina cyanea (see
Bunting, Indigo)
Pelecanus erythrorhynchos (see
Pelican, American White)
Pelican,
American White
Behavior; Eggs;
Enemies; Fall;
Field marks; Food;
Incubation; Nesting;
Plumages; Voice;
Winter; Young
Perdix perdix (see Partridge, Gray)
Pewee,
Eastern Wood
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Fall; Field
marks; Food; Incubation;
Nesting; Plumages;
Spring; Voice;
Young
Picoides pubescens
(see Woodpecker, Downy)
Picoides villosus (see
Woodpecker, Hairy)
Pintail, American (see
Pintail, Northern)
Pintail,
Northern
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Fall; Food;
Game; Nesting;
Plumages; Spring;
Voice; Winter;
Young
Pipilo
erythrophthalmus (see Towhee, Eastern)
Plectrophenax nivalis (see
Bunting, Snow)
Podilymbus podiceps (see Grebe,
Pied-billed)
Polioptila caerulea (see
Gnatcatcher, Blue-gray)
Porzana carolina (see Sora)
Progne subis (see Martin,
Purple)
Quiscalus quiscula (see
Grackle, Common)
Rail, Sora (see Sora)
Redwing, Eastern (see
Blackbird, Red-winged)
Regulus satrapa (see Kinglet,
Golden-crowned)
Robin, American
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Fall; Food;
Nesting; Plumages;
Spring; Voice;
Winter; Young,
Robin, Eastern (see Robin, American)
Sandpiper,
Spotted
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Fall; Field
marks; Food; Game;
Nesting; Plumages;
Spring; Voice;
Winter; Young
Scolopax minor (see Woodcock, American)
Shrike,
Loggerhead
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Field
marks; Food; Incubation;
Nesting; Plumages;
Spring; Voice
Sialia sialis (see Bluebird, Eastern)
Siskin, Pine
Courtship; Eggs;
Enemies; Field
marks; Food; Nesting;
Plumages; Territory;
Young
Sitta
canadensis (see Nuthatch, Red-breasted)
Sitta carolinensis (see
Nuthatch, White-breasted)
Snipe, Wilson (see Snipe, Common)
Snipe, Common
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Fall;
Field marks; Food;
Game; Nesting;
Plumages; Spring;
Voice; Winter;
Young
Sora
Behavior; Eggs;
Enemies; Fall;
Food; Game;
Nesting; Plumages;
Spring; Voice;
Young
Sparrow,
Chipping
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Fall; Field
marks; Food; Incubation;
Nesting; Plumages;
Spring; Territory;
Voice; Winter;
Young
Sparrow, Eastern
and Canadian Chipping (see Sparrow, Chipping)
Sparrow, Eastern Song (see
Sparrow, Song)
Sparrow, Eastern White-crowned
(see Sparrow, White-crowned)
Sparrow,
Grasshopper
Behavior;Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Fall; Field
marks; Food; Incubation;
Nesting; Plumages;
Spring; Voice;
Winter; Young
Sparrow, Song
Banding; Behavior;
Courtship; Eggs;
Enemies; Fall;
Field marks; Food;
Incubation; Nesting;
Plumages; Spring;
Territory; Voice;
Winter; Young
Sparrow,
White-crowned
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Fall; Food;
Incubation; Nesting;
Plumages; Spring;
Voice; Winter;
Young
Spizella
passerina (see Sparrow, Chipping)
Stelgidopteryx serripennis
(see Swallow, Northern Rough-winged)
Sturnella magna (see
Meadowlark, Eastern)
Swallow, Barn
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Fall; Field
marks; Food; Nesting;
Plumages; Spring;
Voice; Young
Swallow,
Northern Rough-winged
Behavior; Courtship;Eggs;
Enemies; Field
marks; Food; Incubation;
Nesting; Plumages;
Voice; Winter;
Young
Swallow, Rough-winged (see Swallow, Northern Rough-winged)
Swallow,
Tree
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Fall; Field
marks; Food; Incubation;
Nesting; Plumages;
Spring; Voice;
Winter; Young
Swift, Chimney
Behavior; Courtship;Eggs;
Enemies; Fall;
Field marks; Food;
Nesting; Plumages;
Spring; Voice;
Winter; Young
Tachycineta bicolor (see Swallow, Tree)
Teal,
Blue-winged
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Fall; Field
marks; Food; Game;
Incubation; Nesting;
Plumages; Spring;
Voice; Winter;
Young
Thrasher,
Brown
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs;Enemies;
Field marks; Food;
Nesting; Plumages;
Spring; Territory;
Voice; Winter;
Young
Thrush, Eastern Hermit (see Thrush, Hermit)
Thrush,
Hermit
Behavior; Eggs;
Enemies; Food;
Incubation; Nesting;
Plumages; Spring;
Voice; Winter;
Young
Thrush,
Wood
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Fall; Field
marks; Food; Incubation;
Nesting; Plumages;
Spring; Voice;
Winter; Young
Thryothorus ludovicianus (see Wren, Carolina)
Titmouse,
Tufted
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Fall; Field
marks; Food; Nesting;
Plumages; Voice;
Winter;Young
Toxostoma rufum (see Thrasher, Brown)
Towhee, Eastern
Banding records; Behavior;
Courtship; Eggs;
Enemies; Field
marks; Food; Nesting;
Plumages; Voice
Towhee, Rufous-sided
(see Towhee, Eastern)
Troglodytes aedon (see Wren,
House)
Turdus migratorius (see Robin,
American)
Turkey, Eastern (see Turkey,
Wild)
Turkey, Wild
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Fall; Food;
Game; Nesting;
Plumages; Voice;
Winter; Young
Tyrannus
tyrannus (see Kingbird, Eastern)
Tyto alba (see Owl, Barn)
Vireo, Eastern Warbling (see
Vireo, Warbling)
Vireo gilvus (see Vireo,
Warbling)
Vireo olivaceus (see Vireo,
Red-eyed)
Vireo,
Red-eyed
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Fall; Field
marks; Food; Incubation;
Nesting; Plumages;
Spring; Voice;
Young
Vireo,
Warbling
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Field marks; Food;
Incubation; Nesting;
Plumages; Spring;
Voice; Winter;
Young
Vulture, Black
Behavior; Eggs;
Enemies; Field
marks; Food; Incubation;
Nesting; Plumages;
Spring; Voice;
Winter; Young
Vulture,
Turkey
Behavior; Eggs;
Enemies; Field
marks; Food; Incubation;
Nesting; Plumages;
Spring; Voice;
Winter; Young
Warbler, Eastern
Yellow (see Warbler, Yellow)
Warbler, Eastern Myrtle (see
Warbler, Yellow-rumped)
Warbler,
Yellow
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Fall; Field
marks; Food; Nesting;
Plumages; Spring;
Territory; Voice;
Winter; Young
Warbler,
Yellow-rumped
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Fall; Field
marks; Food; Nesting;
Plumages; Spring;
Voice; Winter;
Young
Waxwing,
Cedar
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Fall; Field
marks; Food; Nesting;
Plumages; Spring;
Voice; Winter;
Young
Whip-poor-will
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Fall; Field
marks; Food; Incubation;
Nesting; Plumages;
Spring; Voice;
Winter; Young
Whippoorwill, Eastern (see Whip-poor-will)
Woodcock,
American
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Fall; Food;
Game; Incubation;
Nesting; Plumages;
Spring; Voice;
Young
Woodpecker,
Downy
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Fall; Field
marks; Food; Nesting;
Plumages; Spring;
Voice; Winter;
Young
Woodpecker, Eastern Hairy (see Woodpecker, Hairy)
Woodpecker,
Hairy
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Fall; Field
marks; Food; Incubation;
Nesting; Plumages;
Voice; Winter;
Young
Woodpecker,
Northern Downy (see Woodpecker, Downy)
Woodpecker, Northern Pileated
(see Woodpecker, Pileated)
Woodpecker,
Pileated
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Field marks; Food;
Incubation; Nesting;
Voice; Winter;
Young
Woodpecker,
Red-bellied
Behavior; Eggs;
Field marks; Food;
Nesting; Plumages;
Voice; Winter;
Young
Wren, Eastern House (see Wren, House)
Wren,
Carolina
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Field marks; Food;
Incubation; Nesting;
Plumages; Voice;
Winter; Young
Wren, House
Courtship; Eggs;
Enemies; Fall;
Food; Nesting;
Plumages; Spring;
Territory; Voice;
Young
Wren, Marsh
Behavior; Courtship;
Eggs; Enemies;
Fall; Field
marks; Food; Incubation;
Nesting; Plumages;
Spring; Voice;
Winter; Young
Wren, Prairie Marsh (see Wren, Marsh)
Yellowthroat,
Common
Eggs; Enemies;
Fall; Food;
Incubation; Nesting;
Plumages; Spring;
Voice; Winter;
Young
Yellowthroat,
Maryland (see Yellowthroat, Common)
Yellowthroat, Northern
(see Yellowthroat, Common)
Zenaida macroura (see Dove,
Mourning)
Zonotrichia leucophrys (see
Sparrow, White-crowned)
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